Originally developed to model the physical world, geometry has applications in almost all sciences, and also in art, architecture, and other activities that are related to graphics. This enlargement of the scope of geometry led to a change of meaning of the word "space", which originally referred to the three-dimensional space of the physical world and its model provided by Euclidean geometry presently a geometric space, or simply a space is a mathematical structure on which some geometry is defined. Since then, the scope of geometry has been greatly expanded, and the field has been split in many subfields that depend on the underlying methods- differential geometry, algebraic geometry, computational geometry, algebraic topology, discrete geometry (also known as combinatorial geometry), etc.-or on the properties of Euclidean spaces that are disregarded- projective geometry that consider only alignment of points but not distance and parallelism, affine geometry that omits the concept of angle and distance, finite geometry that omits continuity, and others. The geometry that underlies general relativity is a famous application of non-Euclidean geometry. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the parallel postulate ( non-Euclidean geometries) can be developed without introducing any contradiction. This implies that surfaces can be studied intrinsically, that is, as stand-alone spaces, and has been expanded into the theory of manifolds and Riemannian geometry. One of the oldest such discoveries is Carl Friedrich Gauss' Theorema Egregium code: lat promoted to code: la ("remarkable theorem") that asserts roughly that the Gaussian curvature of a surface is independent from any specific embedding in a Euclidean space. ĭuring the 19th century several discoveries enlarged dramatically the scope of geometry. Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry, which includes the notions of point, line, plane, distance, angle, surface, and curve, as fundamental concepts. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. It is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry (from Ancient Greek γεωμετρία ( geōmetría) 'land measurement' from γῆ ( gê) 'earth, land', and μέτρον ( métron) 'a measure') is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics.
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